Steam Injection is a thermal drive process that adds heat to the reservoir to expand the oil-in-place, reduce it viscosity, provide drive and thereby improve the displacement efficiency of injected fluid. This course explores the concepts behind steam injection processes in the field. The emphasis is the practical aspects of steam injection.  Equations and calculation methods are included in the course. There is an emphasis on the surface facilities, field practices, and operational problems. The material presented in this course is directed toward engineers, technicians, independent operators.

1. Review and practice of Steam Injection processes.

2. Use and practice of Steam Thermal tables to calculate the injected energy in a steam injection well.

3. Steam flood Temperature and Saturation Profiles

4. Steam Injection Mechanisms

5. Cycle Steam Injection Processes

6. Criteria for evaluating Steam Injection Prospects

7. Estimated Heat Loss as function of depth

8. Steam Injection Project Planning

9. Economic of steam injection

10. Water Treatment for Steam Generation/Water Chemistry

11. Oilfield Steam Generator Water Quality Requirements

12. Steam Generation

13. Surface Steam Quality Measurement Concept and Methods

14. Thermal well Completion Practices

15. Thermal Cementing Practices

PART 1

Fundamental of Steam Injection Processes

1. Basic of Steam Injection

2. Steam Quality

3. Steam Injection Process

4. Steam Injection Process Mechanisms

5. Steam Distillation

6. Gas Stripping

7. In situ Solvent Drive

8. Viscosity reduction

9. Thermal Expansion

10. Solution Gas Drive

11. Gravity Segregation

12. Emulsion Drive

13. Cycle Steam Injection

14. Process Description

15. Mechanisms of Cycle Steam Process

16. References

PART 2 

Criteria for Evaluating Steam Injection Prospects

1. Introduction

2. Rock and Fluid Properties

3. Pay Zone Thickness

4. Depth and Reservoir Pressure

5. Permeability and Transmissibility

6. Stratification

7. Anisotropy

8. Gas Cap or Aquifer

9. Dip Angle

10. Porosity

11. Oil Saturation

12. Clay Content

13. Crude Oil Characteristics

14. Gravity

15. Viscosity

16. Field History and Status

17. References

PART 3

Project Planning

1. Introduction

2. Reservoir Selection

3. Depth

4. Oil in Place

5. Reservoir Segregation and in-homogeneities

6. Preliminary Evaluation

7. Laboratory Analysis

8. Comprehensive Investigation

9. Comprehensive Performance Investigation

10. Comparison with Conventional Practices

11. Pilot Test

12. Summary

13. References

PART 4

Economic Of Steam Injection

1. Introduction

2. Economic Factors in steam Injection Operation

3. Estimation of Economically recoverable Oil

4. Stream Injection Project cost

5. Cost Estimate

6. Development Cost

7. Well Cost

8. Water Treatment

9. Summary

10. References

PART 5

Water Treatment for Steam Generation

1. Water for Steam Generation

2. Water Treatment Consideration

3. Total Hardness

4. Alkalinity

5. Oxygen

6. Sulfides

7. Total Dissolved solids

8. Total Suspended Solids

9. Iron

10. Oil

11. Silica

12. pH

13. Ion Exchange Unit Operation Problems

14. Resins stability

15. Varying Water Quality

16. Poor Operational Practices

17. Mechanical Problems

18. Ion Exchange Calculations

19. Hardness monitoring

20. Source Water Properties and Problems  of a Water system

21. Summary

22. General References

PART 6

Steam Generation

1. General features of Oil Field Steam Generators

2. Generator Selection

3. Design Requirements for Oilfield Steam Generators

4. Steam Gen0erator Components

·        Feed Water System

·        Feed Water Pre-heater

·        Fuel System

·        Combustion Air System

·        Convection  Section

·        Radiant section

5. Steam Generator Control

6. Process Description

7. Fuel System

8. Combustion Air System

9. Steam Generator Specifications

10. Fuel for Oil Field Generators

11. Natural Gas

12. Steam Generator operation and Problems

13. Tube failure

14. Other operation problems

15. Steam Generator Maintenance

16. Steam Generator Efficiency Calculations

17. Down Hole Steam Generator

18. Summary

19. References

PART 7

Steam Distribution

1. Introduction

2. Components of a steam distribution network

3. Main Steam Headers

4. Steam Flow rates and Pressure Drops

5. Expansion of Steam lines

6. Expansion of steam headers

7. Wellhead connections

8. Support of Steam Lines

9. Insulation and heat loss

10. Effect of branching on Steam Quality

11. Wellhead Equipment

12. Summary

13. References

PART 8

Steam Quality

1. Introduction

2. Surface Steam Quality Measurement

3. Separator Method

4. Orifice Metering Method

5. Total Dissolved Method

6. Electric Conductivity Method

7. Enthalpy Determination Method

8. Neutron Densitometer Steam Quality Measurement System

9. Summary

10. References

PART 9

Thermal Well Completion Practices

1. Introduction

2. Temperature effects on Casings and Tubings

3. Thermal Well Casing design

4. Tubing Strings Consideration

5. Thermal Well Completion

6. Cementing

7. Perforating

8. Openhole Gravel Packs

9. Consolidated packs

10. Suggested Steam Injection and Production well drilling and completion Procedures

11. DownHole Equipment

12. Packer Installation

13. Seal Systems

14. Summary

15. References

 This course is designed for Petroleum Production and Reservoir Engineers and their supervisors; Chemical Engineers Associated with crude oil production in areas of high viscosity.